For example, regarding orientation and training in the type of war launched by China all ranks at all levels have been given information and exercises in the type of operations that might be expected if China chooses to commit aggression again. Both individual and collective battle training has been stepped up.

The physical fitness of troops in the areas in which they would have to work has considerably improved. With regard to acclimatization, special scientific studies have been undertaken and the process of acclimatization is being carried out according to the definite plans. Greater emphasis is being placed on physical fitness in officers at all levels and it would be an important consideration for their suitability or otherwise for assuming higher commands . Battle innoculations in realistic conditions are now part of normal training both in forward and rear areas. Due emphasis is being given to inject proper concept of mountain warfare in the higher Commanders.

As regards equipment it is not merely a question of providing equipment to new raisings but the whole Army has to he provided with modern weapons, ammunition and other equipment suited for mountain warfare in the context of limitation imposed by shortages of foreign exchange and of industrial capacity. I would like to inform the House that even though shortages still exist in certain items, the position regarding weapons, ammunition, equipment, clothing- including snow clothing, blankets, boots and other requirements has considerably improved.

The necessary manufacturing capacity is being progressively built up in the country; at the same time research work is being carried out intensively into various problems that the troops have to face in operating at great heights.

I will now turn to some other aspects of Defence preparedness. Strenuous efforts are being made since last year both to improve the quality and quantity of the equipment available to the Army. The capacity to produce arms and ammunition within the country is limited even to meet our immediate needs. It was, therefore, necessary to procure equipment and ammunition from foreign sources. The House is aware of the ready response from a large number of friendly countries to our requests for assistance. Out of the assistance promised by the United States Government more than half has been received and a bulk of the remainder is expected shortly. Similarly a substantial part of the aid promised by the United Kingdom Government has been received. We have also received assistance in different forms from other countries such as U.S.S.R., Australia, Canada, France, Italy, New Zealand, Rhodesia, West Germany and Yugoslavia.

We are very grateful to all these countries for the timely assistance they have extended to us in our determination to build up our armed forces to preserve and fortify our freedom.